ArticleAsian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP2026
Diagnostic Performance of Serum VEGF and M-CSF in Cervical Cancer and, Their Association with Stage.
Article in Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCervical cancer continues to be one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women globally. Circulating biomarkers may provide added value by complementing HPV-based screening and enhancing risk stratification. The aim of this study was to investigate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) as candidate serum biomarkers for the diagnosis and disease monitoring of cervical cancer.
methodsIn a single-center case-control study, 45 women with cervical cancer and 45 healthy controls were enrolled. Clinical variables included FIGO 2018 stage, symptoms, smoking status, and HPV vaccination status. Serum VEGF and M-CSF levels were measured using ELISA. Group and stage differences were assessed, and diagnostic performance was evaluated using ROC analysis, Youden's index, and logistic regression.
resultsBoth biomarkers were significantly elevated in cancer patients compared with controls (M-CSF: 1457 ± 582 vs. 504 ± 250 pg/mL; VEGF: 399.7 ± 136 vs. 106.7 ± 53.2 pg/mL; both p < 0.001). Concentrations increased with advancing stage (M-CSF: p = 0.0006; VEGF: p = 0.0073). Vaccinated patients exhibited lower VEGF levels (p = 0.047). Diagnostic performance was excellent (AUC: M-CSF, 0.95; VEGF, 0.97). At optimal cut-offs, VEGF achieved 95% sensitivity (95% CI: 83.1%-99.4%) and 93% specificity (95% CI: 81.3%-98.5%). The combined model (AUC: 0.974) outperformed M-CSF alone (p = 0.038). Multivariate analysis confirmed that both VEGF and M-CSF remained significant independent predictors after adjusting for age, smoking status, and HPV vaccination status.
conclusionsSerum VEGF and M-CSF demonstrate diagnostic utility and stage association in cervical cancer. Their combined use enhances discriminatory power. These findings support their potential as adjunct biomarkers; however, external validation and longitudinal studies are needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.