A synergistic alliance between nematophagous fungi and organic matter against plant-parasitic nematodes: a systematic review.

Nematophagous fungi (NF) are essential biological control agents for managing plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) populations, which cause significant global crop losses. Through its effects on soil microbial activity and physicochemical properties, soil organic matter (OM) improves NF survival, colonisation, and functioning. This systematic review critically synthesised evidence on the potential synergistic interaction between NF and OM (i.e., enhanced nematode suppression when applied together compared to individually) for sustainable nematode suppression. Using PRISMA guidelines, studies were systematically screened based on predefined inclusion criteria, resulting in 33 studies being selected from an initial pool of 603 publications across major databases. According to our analysis, Trichoderma species dominate in commercial biocontrol applications, whereas Paecilomyces species are the most reported NF in OM-enhanced nematode management. Even though they are recently identified, other genera, including Talaromyces, Pochonia, and Arthrobotrys, are seldom used under field conditions. Both NF and OM have been shown to jointly promote improved rhizosphere colonisation, enzymatic activity, and nematode management, with implications for soil health and functionality. The type and quantity of OM, the compatibility of fungal species, soil conditions, and the timing of amendments incorporation are important modifiers of this synergy. NF also function as multifunctional agents in agroecosystems by contributing to nitrogen cycling, OM decomposition, and stability in addition to biocontrol. Despite these advantages, the molecular mechanisms, field-scale efficacy, and economic viability of NF-OM combinations across different agroecological settings remain insufficiently characterised. This study highlights the potential of NF-OM integration as a promising approach for sustainable nematode management, with possible relevance to climate-smart agricultural practices, as well as potential implications for sustainable pest control and soil restoration with relevance to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 (Zero Hunger), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), 13 (Climate Action), and 15 (Life on Land). © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.