ArticleScientific reports2026
Assessment of the dietary and nutritional status of Iranian pregnant women: a study employing both a priori and a posteriori analytical approaches.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Dietary pattern analysis provides a holistic assessment of diet quality critical for maternal-fetal health, offering insights superior to single-nutrient evaluation. Hereby, we aimed to concurrently evaluate established a priori and data-driven a posteriori dietary patterns, alongside nutrient-mineral adequacy, among pregnant women. This cross-sectional study recruited 233 women in their first trimester from "Mazandaran, Iran" province between 2020 and 2023. Dietary intake was measured via a validated 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire. Adherence to predefined guidelines was assessed using a modified 8-point Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and three Nutrient Rich Food (NRF) indices (NRF6.3, NRF9.3, NRF15.3). Empirical patterns were derived using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on 26 food groups via R Studio. Nutritional status was quantified using the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), Protein Adequacy Ratio (PAR), and adequacy metrics for other nutrients/minerals. The study exhibited high metabolic risk factors in pregnant women, with 61.0% overweight/obese and 59.2% vitamin D deficient. Overall diet quality was suboptimal, evidenced by low MDS (Mean = 3.35) and poor micronutrient density (Mean MAR = 0.624), signifying that diets met only approximately 62% of recommended intakes. PCA identified a healthy "Prudent" pattern (PA2), a mixed "Traditional" pattern (PA1), and an unhealthy "Western" pattern (PA3). Increased adherence to the Prudent pattern significantly correlated with improved MAR, PAR, and a desirable decrease in Na/K ratio. Conversely, adherence to the Beverage & Fast-food pattern was associated with pervasive declines in all adequacy markers, including a severely decreased MDS (β = -0.26, p-value = < 0.001). Pregnant women in this regional study exhibit critically suboptimal dietary quality and significant micronutrient shortfalls, largely driven by low adherence to prudent, nutrient-dense patterns, and the majority depend on unhealthy food choices.
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