Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42167242›Full record

ArticleCurrent biology : CB2026

Visual processing is a language-agnostic window into heterogeneity in early reading development.

Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy, Klint Kanopka, Julian M Siebert, Lucy Yan, Carrie Townley-Flores, Mónica Zegers, Francesca Pei, Phaedra Bell, Hugh Catts, Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Current biology : CB, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Mahalakshmi RamamurthyDivision of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, 507 Lasuen Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: maha10@stanford.edu.
Klint KanopkaDepartment of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, NYU Steinhardt, New York University, 246 Greene Street, New York, NY 10003, USA.
Julian M SiebertGraduate School of Education, Stanford University, 507 Lasuen Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Lucy YanWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Carrie Townley-FloresGraduate School of Education, Stanford University, 507 Lasuen Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Mónica ZegersWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Francesca PeiWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Phaedra BellWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Hugh CattsSchool of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University, 201 West Bloxham Street, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA.
Maria Luisa Gorno-TempiniWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Jason D YeatmanDivision of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, 507 Lasuen Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Funding

Primary Progressive Aphasia: Cognition, Anatomy and ProgressionRF1NS050915 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GORNO TEMPINI, MARIA LUISA · 2022 to 2022
$4.7M
Neural mechanisms of successful intervention in children with dyslexiaR01HD095861 · NICHD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI YEATMAN, JASON D · 2019 to 2024
$3.1M
Training program in the neurology of language and neurodegenerative aphasiasK24DC015544 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GORNO TEMPINI, MARIA LUISA · 2016 to 2025
$1.9M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD095861NIDCD NIH HHS K24 DC015544NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS050915
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Reading disabilities impose profound impacts on educational and socioeconomic outcomes worldwide, yet identifying reliable early predictors remains a significant challenge. For five decades, the role of visual processing in reading development has been contested-largely due to small, homogeneous samples and a lack of research designed to capture heterogeneity in reading development. In this study, we administered theory-driven, carefully validated measures of visual processing-including multi-element processing of letters and pseudo-letters and global motion coherence-to a large, socioeconomically and linguistically diverse cohort of kindergarten and first-grade children in California public schools. A subset of children received language-based assessments and reading outcomes along with the visual measures (n ∼ 400). Using latent profile analysis, we identified subgroups invisible to conventional screening: children with strong language skills but poor visual-processing abilities who exhibited persistent reading difficulties a year later and another subgroup of children who leveraged strong visual-processing abilities to achieve reading success despite weaker language abilities. Visual-processing measures proved equitable across children's socioeconomic status and home language, independently accounting for 12%-16% of variance in reading outcomes and emerging as consistently important predictors of reading risk in machine learning models. Integrating measures of rapid visual processing, especially multi-element processing, into early identification offers a path toward mechanistically informed personalized interventions that leverage children's specific strengths.

Indexed as

DyslexiaReadingVisual PerceptionCaliforniaChildHumansdyslexia screeningearly identificationglobal motion coherencemulti-element processingreading developmentreading heterogeneityvisual processing

Identifiers

PMID42167242
PMCPMC13633051

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.