ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Prevalence and Genotyping of Trichomonas gallinae in Pigeons in the Mashhad Area, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundTrichomonosis is one of the most common gastrointestinal infections found in pigeons worldwide. Although many studies in Iran have examined the prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae infections in pigeons and various bird species, there have been relatively few studies investigating the genotypes of this protozoan.
objectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine T. gallinae infection in pigeons in the Mashhad area, Iran, using parasitological, pathological and genetic methods.
methodsBetween April and July 2022, a total of one hundred oral swabs were gathered for microscopic, culture and molecular analysis. Additionally, deceased pigeons were transported to the laboratory for necropsy and histopathological examinations. Sequence analysis was performed on five polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from T. gallinae based on the amplification of the ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 gene to identify their genotype.
resultsOut of 100 collected samples, T. gallinae infection was detected in 50 samples using microscopic examinations, culture and PCR methods. Among the infected pigeons, 49 exhibited no clinical symptoms, whereas only one pigeon presented with severe clinical symptoms and ultimately succumbed to the illness. The macroscopic assessment revealed the presence of yellow caseous necrotic material in the oral cavity and pharynx. Histopathological analysis demonstrated infiltration of mononuclear cells and hyperaemia within the mucosal tissues of the oral cavity and oesophagus and crop, additionally, necrotic lesions and hyperaemia were identified in the liver. The sequencing and phylogenetic examination of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from five isolates in this study reveal a distinct lineage of T. gallinae present in pigeons located in the Mashhad area.
conclusionsThe study results indicated a high prevalence of T. gallinae infection in pigeons, and for the first time, a distinct lineage of T. gallinae from pigeons in Iran was documented.
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