ArticleOtology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology2026
Evaluating the Efficacy of a Novel Multimaterial 3D-Printed Phantom for Otologic Surgical Education and Simulation.
Article in Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo design and validate a cost-effective, multimaterial 3D-printed temporal bone phantom that replicates the anatomic and haptic properties of human bone for surgical simulation and training. STUDY
designProspective cohort study.
settingTertiary academic medical center.
participantsSixteen otolaryngology residents (PGY-1 to PGY-5) are participating in a multi-institutional temporal bone dissection course.
interventionParticipants performed mastoidectomy and facial recess dissection on a novel 3D-printed phantom fabricated from calcium-enriched SimuBone PLA (for osseous structures) and contrasting colored PLA (for neurovascular anatomy). Performance was compared against cadaveric controls.
main outcome measuresParticipants completed a structured 5-point Likert-scale survey assessing anatomic realism, tactile feedback, visual fidelity, and educational utility. Spearman rank-order correlations evaluated the relationship between surgeon experience and perceived model fidelity.
resultsThe phantom demonstrated moderately high scores for anatomic fidelity (mean 3.56±0.51) and visual realism (mean 3.62±0.50), with overall realism rated at 3.50±0.52. Although tactile realism was rated lower (mean 3.06±0.57), 100% of participants rated the model as moderately to highly valuable for surgical training. Senior residents were more critical of anatomic fidelity ( P <0.05) yet reported continued willingness to use the phantom for skill development. Qualitative feedback confirmed the utility of color-coded "no-go" zones for novice spatial orientation.
conclusionsThe multimaterial 3D-printed phantom offers a scalable, cost-effective ($6.13 USD) alternative to cadaveric dissection with high anatomic accuracy. Although haptic nuances require further optimization, the model serves as an effective foundational simulator for otologic surgical education.
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