ArticleiScience2026
Path to future markets: Method for quantifying long-duration energy storage competitiveness.
Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Energy storage technologies with a range of durations are essential for addressing solar and wind generation variability in renewable-energy-driven grids. This study defines long-duration energy storage (LDES) as a system where the energy reservoir can be scaled independently of the power conversion hardware and introduces a modeling method to quantify LDES competitiveness relative to lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), today's dominant grid-scale storage. To demonstrate the model, this study examines California's solar-dominated grid to identify the LDES reservoir size that will be most cost-competitive by balancing both power and energy cost competitiveness. Further model demonstration quantifies how scaling up the energy reservoir size relative to the power rating can enable LDES to compete even at efficiencies as low as 30% for strict carbon-emissions scenarios, playing a crucial role in maintaining grid resiliency. While LDES may support reliability by providing reserve capacity, this model minimizes electricity delivery cost to a predefined load.
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