ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
A methodological protocol for multimodal profiling of conversational abilities in mandarin-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects both the structural and pragmatic aspects of language. Conversational abilities-including topic initiation, maintenance, repair, turn-taking, and the integration of non-verbal behaviors-are essential for social communication and peer relationships. While a substantial body of research has described conversational difficulties in DLD among English-speaking populations, there is limited evidence on how these impairments manifest in Mandarin-speaking children. There is a critical need for culturally adapted assessment approaches; thus, this protocol primarily aims to evaluate the feasibility of a multimodal framework tailored specifically to the Mandarin-speaking context. Methods: This protocol describes an age-stratified cross-sectional observational study with two phases. In Phase 1, an adapted multimodal profiling framework will be developed and piloted through semi-structured free conversation and role-play tasks, recorded with audio-video equipment. Transcription will follow Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT) conventions within European Distributed Corpora (EUDICO) Linguistic Annotator (ELAN), with word segmentation supported by Jieba and manual correction. Annotation tiers will capture utterance-level features, communicative acts (Inventory of Communicative Acts-Abridged [INCA-A]), repairs, turn-taking, and gesture-speech alignment (stroke apex ±500 ms). Feasibility (session completion, recording length, and utterance yield) and reliability (Cohen's Discussion: This protocol advances methodological research by providing a transparent and reproducible framework for multimodal profiling of pragmatic language in Mandarin-speaking preschoolers. Its strengths include multimodal data integration and explicit feasibility benchmarks. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and a modest sample size. Future research may extend the protocol to longitudinal studies, contributing to the establishment of standardized procedural benchmarks and improved data comparability within this specific linguistic environment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.