ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Immunity beyond borders: non-lethal
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: In co-endemic regions, hosts are concurrently infected by related apicomplexan hemoparasites, Methods: Disease progression was assessed by survival, parasitemia, body weight, and hematological parameters. Splenic histopathology and qPCR were used to evaluate tissue damage and parasite burden. Immune responses were analyzed by cytokine, antibody measurement, and flow cytometry. Adaptive immunity was examined using SCID mice, and the roles of innate effectors were determined through selective depletion of NK cells and macrophages. Results: Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that cross-protection is mediated by a macrophage-driven innate response. Protection was associated with IFN-γ-driven pro-inflammatory responses and ROS/NO production, balanced by IL-10 to limit immunopathology. This "protective homeostasis" highlights macrophage-targeted immunomodulation as a promising strategy for multivalent vaccines against apicomplexan parasites. Future research is warranted to elucidate macrophage activation and polarization dynamics underlying this protection.
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