ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Estrogen and progesterone-mediated differential modulation of CD4
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Background: An adverse female bias exists across many autoimmune disorders, yet its underlying mechanisms, particularly the role of sex hormones, remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the physiological influence of sex hormones in regulating T cell function remains undefined. We examined the role of estrogen and progesterone, in modulating CD4 Methods: Inflammatory markers, circulating antibodies, sex hormone receptors, ERα and PR levels were investigated in both RA patients and controls. Further, RA CD4 Results: RA patients displayed systemic inflammation and high circulating antibodies, with significantly higher expression in synovial fluid. Higher expression of ERα and PR was evinced on RA CD4 Conclusion: Our findings suggest a potential role of sex hormones in modulating TCR responses, with possible implications for inflammatory pathways and bone erosion associated markers. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate their potential relevance for therapeutic strategies.
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