ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Depression, anxiety, and stress among adults in Kuwait across pre- and post-vaccine phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected mental health globally, with important implications for pandemic preparedness, yet psychological responses across pandemic phases in the Gulf region remain underexplored. This study assessed mental health outcomes among adults in Kuwait across pre- and post-vaccine phases of the COVID-19 pandemic to identify factors that can guide preparedness strategies. Methods: Two independent web-based surveys were conducted in June 2020 (pre-vaccine phase) and August 2021 (post-vaccine phase). In total, 1,923 adults completed validated questionnaires, including the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Outcomes were compared across periods using descriptive analyses, and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of moderate-to-severe mental health symptoms. Results: Overall, 40.9% of participants reported depression, 36.0% anxiety, and 25.0% stress. Participants surveyed during the post-vaccine phase had higher adjusted odds of moderate-to-severe anxiety (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.61-2.85) and stress (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.73-3.07) compared with those surveyed during the pre-vaccine phase. Females, young adults (18-29 years), and non-Kuwaitis had greater odds of adverse mental health outcomes, with non-Kuwaitis showing 50% higher odds of depression. Lower confidence in the healthcare system was also associated with greater psychological distress. In contrast, faith-based coping was associated with lower odds of stress (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20-0.45), and time management practices were linked to reduced anxiety (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55-0.96). Adherence to mask use and hand hygiene was lower during the post-vaccine phase. Conclusion: Substantial mental health challenges were observed in both pre- and post-vaccine phases of the pandemic, particularly among women, younger adults, and non-citizens. Protective coping strategies, especially faith-based and social support mechanisms, should thus be integrated into pandemic preparedness alongside biomedical responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.