Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42163775›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2026

Rural-Urban Differences in the Incorporation of Workforce Planning and Development in the Strategic Planning Process of US Hospitals.

Bettye A Apenteng, Samuel T Opoku, Samuel Anokye-Mensah, Carolyn Puobebe, Kwabena G Boakye, Linda Kimsey, Angela H Peden, Charles F Owens

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Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Bettye A ApentengDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.
Samuel T OpokuDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1888-5305
Samuel Anokye-MensahDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.
Carolyn PuobebeDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.
Kwabena G BoakyeCenter for Rural and Public Health Practice and Research, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.
Linda KimseyDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.
Angela H PedenDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.
Charles F OwensDepartment of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe effectiveness of healthcare systems relies on how well workforce planning and development strategies align with organizational goals, given the detrimental impact of workforce shortages on patient safety and healthcare quality. This study examines the determinants and rural-urban differences in the integration of workforce planning and development into strategic planning in US hospitals.

methodsData for this study were obtained from the 2022 American Hospital Association Annual Survey and the 2021 Medicare Hospital Cost Report. The study outcome was measured with a composite score, calculated as the count of workforce planning and development activities incorporated into strategic planning. A Poisson regression analysis was conducted to identify the determinants of strategically aligned workforce planning and development, and to assess rural-urban differences.

resultsOf the 2749 hospitals analyzed, most were urban, non-profit, and system-affiliated, with an average of 170 beds. Factors such as system affiliation and organizational size were positively linked to the incorporation of workforce planning into hospitals' strategic planning efforts. Conversely, for-profit ownership, critical access hospitals, and locations in the South were associated with less integration of workforce planning and development into strategic planning.

conclusionStructural, institutional, and regional factors may influence the extent to which hospitals incorporate workforce planning and development in their strategic planning processes. Efforts to align workforce planning and development with strategic planning across US hospitals may require interventions to enhance institutional capacity and foster a culture of long-term planning for sustainability.

Indexed as

Health WorkforceHospitals, RuralHospitals, UrbanStrategic PlanningUrban PopulationHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited Statesbarriersfacilitatorshospitalsorganizational sustainabilityrural hospitalsrural–urban differencesstrategic alignmentstrategic planningtechnical assistanceworkforce planning and development

Identifiers

PMID42163775
PMCPMC13479036

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.