ArticleEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets2026
Metformin Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation by Inducing Autophagy
Article in Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionMetformin has unique application potential in bone metabolism, but the effects of metformin on osteoblasts and its mechanism have not been elucidated.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the effects of metformin on osteoblasts and the mechanism underlying these effects.
methodsOsteoblasts were treated with metformin, and their effects on osteogenic differentiation and autophagy were monitored. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to investigate the relationship between autophagy and metformin-mediated osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression was altered to evaluate the involvement of AMPK/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ phosphoprotein 70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) signaling in the effects of metformin.
resultsOur results revealed that metformin promoted osteogenic differentiation, enhanced autophagy, and activated the AMPK pathway. Treatment with 3-MA inhibited the effects of metformin on osteogenic differentiation, autophagy, and AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling in osteoblasts. The effects of AMPK overexpression were similar to those of metformin on osteoblast autophagy and osteogenic differentiation, whereas AMPK deficiency reversed these effects. DISCUSSION: Our results reveal the positive effects of metformin on bone metabolism and the underlying mechanisms, which require further validation through
conclusionOur findings revealed that AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling is involved in metformin- regulated osteogenic differentiation through the induction of autophagy.
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