Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42163595›Full record

ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026

A 3D-Printed Scaffolded Hydrogel Microneedle Array Biosensor for Real-Time, Continuous Monitoring.

Jean Won Kwak, Tuan Trinh, Alexander D White, Yihang Chen, Noah Eckman, Ishaan Jain, Yue Xu, Nghi Nguyen, Deepak Gopalan, Ye Eun Kim and 11 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Jean Won KwakDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-9242
Tuan TrinhDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Alexander D WhiteDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-310X
Yihang ChenDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7080-5927
Noah EckmanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4183-0153
Ishaan JainDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Yue XuDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Nghi NguyenDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Deepak GopalanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Ye Eun KimSchool of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
Netra Unni KamatDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
John R TumblestonDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Chan Ho ParkDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-4842
Alex YoshikawaDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Jenny JiDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Maria Theresa DulayDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Michael EisensteinDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Eric A AppelDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-7126
Jaeyun KimSchool of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4687-6732
Joseph M DeSimoneDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Hyongsok Tom SohDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9443-857X

Funding

Graduate Training Program in BiotechnologyT32GM008412 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI COCHRAN, JENNIFER R · 1991 to 2020
$5.5M
Subdermal, implantable monitoring platform for heart attack and heart failureK99EB036582 · NIBIB · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Jean Won Kwak · 2025 to 2026
$256k
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable TrustNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health K99EB036582NIBIB NIH HHS K99 EB036582NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM008412Wellcome LEAP SAVE program
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hydrogel-based biosensors offer a promising platform for designing microneedles capable of continuously tracking biomarkers in real time. However, such biosensors have been limited by the mechanical properties of hydrated hydrogels, which are generally ineffective at penetrating the skin to access interstitial fluid (ISF). As a solution, we have developed a microneedle-array biosensor (MAB) patch that enables continuous, reversible sensing by coupling fluorescent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) aptamer switches to a hydrated hydrogel mesh within a 3D-printed scaffold. This scaffold provides essential mechanical support for skin insertion while preserving the apatmer-hydrogel's sensing functionality in the ISF. We demonstrate this design by tuning both aptamer switch design and hydrogel mesh size to detect exogenous levels of stress hormone cortisol and the metabolite adenosine triphosphate. We subsequently incorporated our cortisol-sensing hydrogel into the MAB scaffold and coupled this system to a custom-designed portable optical detector. Following in vitro validation, we demonstrated the biocompatibility and in vivo utility of our system by conducting continuous, real-time measurements of exogenous cortisol in the ISF of live rats. These results demonstrate, for the first time, submicromolar detection using a sensor-embedded hydrogel microneedle system, highlighting the MAB platform as a versatile solution for real-time, continuous in vivo biosensing.

Indexed as

additive manufacturingaptamerhydrogelmicroneedlemolecular sensing

Identifiers

PMID42163595
PMCPMC13256244

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.