Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42163592›Full record

ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026

Electrically Modulated Semi-Convertible Hydrogel Microneedles for Programmable Insulin Delivery.

Hongyue Jiang, Xinze Zhang, Xiang Li, Yuanyu Li, Xuhao Yang, Yudan Lv, Wenlong Song, Wenjing Tian, Bin Xu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Hongyue JiangState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Xinze ZhangState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Xiang LiState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Yuanyu LiThe Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Xuhao YangState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Yudan LvThe Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Wenlong SongState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
Wenjing TianState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8050
Bin XuState Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0423-925X

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 22175075National Natural Science Foundation of China 22275065National Natural Science Foundation of China 52073116Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province 20240101003JJ
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Insulin delivery systems that mimic pancreatic secretion offer promising improvements in type 1 diabetes management. However, current systems struggle with sustained and precise release. Inspired by the dynamic secretion mechanisms of the pancreas, a wearable electrically modulated semi-convertible hydrogel microneedle system for insulin delivery has been developed for long-term self-regulation in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. This system combines a non-covalent electro-responsive silk fibroin network and a polyethylene glycol/chitosan matrix, integrated with flexible electrodes that exhibit a partial gel-sol phase transition under 1.2 V electrical stimulation. In hyperglycemic conditions, the electric field induces silk fibroin phase transition, triggering insulin release through electrostatic interactions and polymer network expansion. Once blood glucose normalizes, insulin is released passively via diffusion when the electric field is turned off. In type 1 diabetic mice, a single microneedle patch provides segmented control, with a 10-min stimulation effect lasting up to 8 h, extendable to 16 h with further stimulation. This system offers a versatile, sustained, and precise drug delivery strategy with significant potential for chronic disease management.

Indexed as

HydrogelsInsulinAnimalsBlood GlucoseChitosanDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1FibroinsMiceMicroneedle Drug DeliveryNeedlesPolyethylene GlycolsBlood GlucoseChitosanFibroinsHydrogelsInsulinPolyethylene Glycolsgel‐sol transitioninsulin deliveryprogrammablesemi‐convertible hydrogelwearable device

Identifiers

PMID42163592
PMCPMC13310108

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.