ArticleBMC psychology2026
Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of open-skill and closed-skill sports on executive function.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Executive function is a higher-order cognitive capacity that integrates planning, organization, impulse control, and emotional regulation, thereby exerting a direct influence on decision-making and behavioral regulation in daily contexts. This study recruited open-skill athletes, closed-skill athletes, and non-athletes and employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine how different types of sport participation are associated with executive function. Participants completed the Stroop, task-switching, and N-back tasks to assess three core components of executive function: inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, thereby elucidating the underlying neural mechanisms. The behavioral results showed that open-skill athletes responded faster than non-athletes in both the task-switching and N-back tasks, while closed-skill athletes responded faster than non-athletes only in the N-back task. EEG results revealed that open-skill athletes exhibited smaller N2 amplitudes than non-athletes in the task-switching task. They also elicited larger P3 amplitudes than non-athletes in the Stroop task, and larger P3 amplitudes than both closed-skill athletes and non-athletes in the task-switching task. In the N-back task, both types of athletes elicited larger P3 amplitudes than non-athletes. Overall, athletes from different sport types exhibited task-specific behavioral and neuroelectric profiles during executive-function processing. Open-skill athletes showed faster responses in the task-switching and working-memory tasks, whereas closed-skill athletes showed a more selective pattern of faster responses in the working-memory task.
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