ArticleFungal biology and biotechnology2026
What makes a mycoparasite? Candidate effectors from fungi that parasitize other fungi exhibit structural homology to those of fungal plant pathogens.
Article in Fungal biology and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundFungi that feed and thrive on other living fungi and damage those through specific adaptations to this lifestyle are known as mycoparasites. Despite its ecological significance and practical applications in crop protection, this type of parasitism is still poorly understood. Here, we hypothesize that aggressive fungal-fungal parasitic interactions are similar to those between plants and their fungal pathogens.
resultsWe tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, we analyzed the genetic signatures of the mycoparasitic nutrition mode through the predicted Carbohydrate-Active enZYme (CAZyme) profiles of more than 50 fungi with high-quality reference genomes across the Fungal Kingdom, including mycoparasites and their close relatives. Two predicted CAZyme families, AA3-2 and AA9, appeared to be associated with mycoparasitism. Second, we searched for candidate effectors in protein datasets of three specialist mycoparasites and closely related fungi. Based on the tertiary structures of selected proteins predicted by AlphaFold, we identified protein clusters. Surprisingly, several tertiary structures predicted in three, phylogenetically diverse mycoparasites were homologous to well-studied candidate effectors in a model plant pathogen. One of these protein clusters belonged to the AA9 CAZyme family.
conclusionsThese results supported our hypothesis and may represent the first steps towards a unified molecular concept to understand mycoparasitism as a specific nutrition mode guided by candidate effectors.
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