ArticleBMC medicine2026
Development and validation of an MRI-based deep learning system for triple-class ER expression classification in breast cancer: a large-scale multicenter study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundEstrogen receptor (ER) expression is a key prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. The 2020 ASCO/CAP guidelines classify tumors with ≥ 1% ER-positive nuclei as ER-positive, yet ER-low positive (1%-10%) breast cancer remains biologically distinct with an unclear response to endocrine therapy (ET). Given the limitations of invasive ER assessment, we developed and validated an MRI-based deep learning system (BERC) for non-invasive classification of ER negative, ER-low positive, and ER-high positive breast cancer using multicenter data.
methodsThis diagnostic study retrospectively analyzed pretreatment DCE-MRI data from 3500 breast cancer patients across six institutions (February 2016-August 2023). Patients were categorized into ER negative, ER-low positive, and ER-high positive groups based on pathology. Tumor segmentation on DCE T1-weighted images was performed using an automated deep learning algorithm. A DCE-MRI-based model was developed and evaluated for classification performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), along with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) with 95% confidence intervals. Model interpretability was evaluated through t-SNE and UMAP for feature visualization, along with SHAP analysis for interpreting key predictive features.
resultsThe training dataset included 1862 patients (median age 49 years, interquartile range [IQR] 21-88), while 1638 patients from four external centers formed the test dataset (median ages ranging from 47 to 51 years across centers). The model achieved Micro-/Macro-average AUCs of 0.918/0.882 in training and 0.923/0.900 in internal validation. In external testing, Micro-average AUCs ranged from 0.828 to 0.923 and Macro-average AUCs from 0.825 to 0.905 across four independent centers. Visualization techniques revealed clear, biologically plausible clustering patterns across the ER expression categories.
conclusionsBERC shows potential for non-invasive, preoperative ER status prediction in breast cancer, with implications for personalized therapy.
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