ArticleBMC health services research2026
Hospitalization costs and out-of-pocket expenses for stroke patients in mainland China.
Article in BMC health services research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThis study aimed to assess hospitalization expenditures and out-of-pocket burden (OOPB, defined as out-of-pocket expenses [OOPE] divided by disposable annual income multiplied by household size and expressed as a percentage) in patients with stroke in mainland China from 2019 to 2020.
methodsThis research encompassed patients from hospitals jointly affiliated with the Chinese Hospital Quality Monitoring System and the Big Data Observatory Platform for Stroke of China. We focused on individuals hospitalized between 2019 and 2020, who were primarily diagnosed with a stroke, as classified under the ICD-10 codes: ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We estimated the out-of-pocket rate (OOPR, defined as OOPE divided by hospitalization expenditures expressed as a percentage), high OOPB, and catastrophic healthcare payments (defined as OOPB exceeding 30%) at the national and provincial levels. The correlation between OOPR and in-hospital mortality in different provinces was also examined.
resultsThe database included 7,226,376 stroke patients from 1,599 hospitals, of whom 58.6% were male. The OOPR and OOPB in stroke patients were 32.6% (95% CI, 31.9%-33.3%) and 6.3% (95% CI, 6.1%-6.4%), respectively. For IS and ICH, more than two-thirds (22/32) of China's provinces had an OOPR of over 28.0%, while three-quarters of provinces (24/32) for SAH had an OOPR of over 28.0%. For IS and ICH, none of the provinces had catastrophic healthcare payments, whereas for SAH, over half of the provinces (18/32) did. We analyzed the relationship between OOPR and stroke in-hospital mortality at the provincial level, but the data did not confirm a correlation between the two factors (IS: r=-0.172, P=0.34; ICH: r=0.078, P=0.67; SAH: r=0.041, P=0.82).
conclusionThe acute hospitalization costs and OOPB on stroke patients is significant, with nearly a third of their medical costs paid out-of-pocket. This underscores the pressing necessity to advance the development of a more inclusive healthcare system, particularly in economically challenged regions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.