ArticleScientific reports2026
Protective effects of colorless carotenoid precursors against UV-induced lipid oxidation in liposomes compared to lycopene.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Consuming tomato-extracts can reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. As lycopene supplementation alone had a weaker impact, the protective effect may be influenced by the colorless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. To obtain more insights into the effect of tomato-extracts, the three carotenoids were separately investigated. UV-C-, UV-B- and UV-A-irradiated liposomes containing the antioxidants were analyzed with the thiobarbituric acid-assay coupled with HPLC-DAD, using malondialdehyde as biomarker for lipid oxidation. Antioxidant degradation through UV-irradiation was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Phytoene had a similar protective effect of 27-34% under UV-C- and UV-B-radiation compared to lycopene. But under UV-A-radiation no effect was observed, and lycopene showed the highest effect. Phytofluene, only examined under UV-B- and UV-A-radiation, showed just pro-oxidative effects. After UV-B-radiation, 13% phytofluene were left, and it completely degraded under UV-A-radiation. Phytofluene's instability in the presence of oxygen and its high ratio of cis-isomers might have led to these results. The protective effect of phytoene compared to lycopene is due to its higher absorption of UV-C- and UV-B-radiation. In contrast, lycopene maintains its effect under UV-C-radiation because of its high number of conjugated double bonds, whereby radicals are better resonance-stabilized.
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