Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42162012›Full record

ArticleNPJ genomic medicine2026

Multimodal characterisation of the SMN locus in SMA: copy number quantification and hybrid gene identification.

Alba Berzal-Serrano, Sonia González-Alvaredo, Iván Lesende, Lidón Carretero-Vilarroig, Teresa Jaijo, Ignacio Onsurbe, Karolina Aragon-Gawinska, Nancy Carolina Ñungo-Garzón, Inmaculada Pitarch-Castellano, Juan Francisco Vázquez-Costa and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ genomic medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Alba Berzal-SerranoMolecular, Cellular, and Genomic Biomedicine Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
Sonia González-AlvaredoResearch and Development Unit. Health in code, Madrid, Spain.
Iván LesendeResearch and Development Unit. Health in code, Madrid, Spain.
Lidón Carretero-VilarroigMolecular, Cellular, and Genomic Biomedicine Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
Teresa JaijoMolecular, Cellular, and Genomic Biomedicine Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
Ignacio OnsurbePaediatric Neurology Service, University Hospital of Albacete, Albacete, Spain.
Karolina Aragon-GawinskaNeuromuscular Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Neurology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
Nancy Carolina Ñungo-GarzónNeuromuscular Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Neurology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
Inmaculada Pitarch-CastellanoCentre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
Juan Francisco Vázquez-CostaCentre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
Elena Aller *Molecular, Cellular, and Genomic Biomedicine Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
José María Millán *Molecular, Cellular, and Genomic Biomedicine Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain. jose_millan@iislafe.es.
Gema García-García *Molecular, Cellular, and Genomic Biomedicine Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain. gema_garcia@iislafe.es.

Funding

Generalitat Valenciana ACIF/2021/057Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI22/00213Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI22/01371Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI24/01512
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe neuromuscular disorder caused by biallelic disruption of the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Accurate quantification of Survival Motor Neuron 2 (SMN2) copy number is essential for patient stratification, prognosis, and treatment decisions, yet remains challenging at high copy numbers and does not fully explain phenotypic variability. We compared complementary molecular approaches in 78 Spanish patients with genetically confirmed SMA. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and digital PCR (dPCR) showed complete concordance, supporting their reliability for SMN2 quantification. In contrast, the AmplideX PCR/CE SMN1/2 Plus Kit showed discrepancies in seven patients, mainly at clinically relevant thresholds (three vs. four SMN2 copies), indicating higher sensitivity to technical variability. Notably, dPCR resolved a case with >5 SMN2 copies, demonstrating superior resolution. Long-read sequencing (LRS) in ten patients with MLPA-detected rearrangements enabled high-resolution reconstruction of the SMN locus and revealed six previously undescribed SMN hybrid structures. Structural haplotype architecture, rather than copy number alone, may further determine SMN variability and contribute to phenotype heterogeneity. Overall, our findings support an integrated diagnostic strategy in which copy-number quantification is complemented by structural characterisation in complex cases, improving molecular resolution of the SMN locus.

Identifiers

PMID42162012
PMCPMC13458669

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.