ArticleArchives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists2026
Color Trails Test: regression-based norms for Russian-speakers.
Article in Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThe Color Trails Test (CTT) is widely used across cultures and necessitates culture-relevant norms due to cultural differences in the test performance. However, no norms exist for Russian-speakers. The study aims to: (a) establish regression-based CTT norms for Russian-speaking adults, and (b) compare CTT T-scores for Russian-speakers derived using regression-based norms (RBNs) with the manual norms.
methodCommunity-dwelling healthy Russian-speaking adults were administered the CTT using standard procedures. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to establish RBNs. The participant data were used to calculate two sets of T-scores, using: (a) RBNs and the leave-one-out analysis, and (b) CTT manual norms. These two sets of T-scores were compared by t-test.
resultsThe mean age of the 196 participants was 37 years [range: 18-86]; 108 (55%) were women, and 102 (52%) had at least university education. CTT completion time was associated with age and education, but not sex. CTT1 T-scores derived from regression-based were higher than manual norms (M difference = 2.39, SD difference = 5.51, p < .001). There was no difference between CTT2 T-scores. Regression-based norms identified fewer participants as performing below average (T ≤36): 7% vs. 18% for CTT1 and 7% vs. 10% for CTT2, p < .001.
conclusionsThe proposed RBNs, developed from a representative sample of Russian-speaking adults, will enhance assessment accuracy and improve diagnostic outcomes.
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