Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42160425›Full record

ArticleScience advances2026

Continuous monitoring of blood-interstitial fluid intercompartmental molecular kinetics in freely moving animals.

Yihang Chen, Qitao Hu, Jean Won Kwak, David Zakharian, Jenny Ji, Du Liu, Deepak Gopalan, Caoimhe Lyons, Max Yates, Steven Yee and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Yihang ChenDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0008-7080-5927
Qitao HuDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Jean Won KwakDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7883-9242
David ZakharianDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Jenny JiDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7901-5605
Du LiuDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-7932-0008
Deepak GopalanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4572-6537
Caoimhe LyonsDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-2795-9713
Max YatesDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0009-0008-3216-9157
Steven YeeDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2186-6244
Han CuiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6473-9232
Michael EisensteinDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Hyongsok Tom SohDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9443-857X

Funding

Graduate Training Program in BiotechnologyT32GM008412 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI COCHRAN, JENNIFER R · 1991 to 2020
$5.5M
Real-time biosensor for mapping the function of the pancreasOT2OD025342 · OD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI SOH, HYONGSOK TOM · 2018 to 2021
$4.6M
Subdermal, implantable monitoring platform for heart attack and heart failureK99EB036582 · NIBIB · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Jean Won Kwak · 2025 to 2026
$256k
NIBIB NIH HHS K99 EB036582NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM008412NIH HHS OT2 OD025342Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate health monitoring depends on continuous assessment of biochemical markers across multiple body compartments. While blood remains the clinical gold standard, interstitial fluid (ISF) presents a minimally invasive alternative that reflects local tissue physiology, although its biomarker kinetics often differ from blood. It is currently impossible to achieve simultaneous, continuous monitoring of both compartments, limiting insight into their dynamic relationship. To address this, we present BICEP (blood-ISF continuous-sensing electrochemical probe), a wireless electrochemical platform for continuous dual-compartment monitoring of analytes in blood and ISF. The BICEP system incorporates microfabricated soft sensors with biofouling-resistant aptamer interfaces, paired with a wearable potentiostat for remote configuration and readout. Using this system, we continuously tracked kanamycin signal in both anesthetized and freely moving rats, revealing distinct kinetic profiles and individualized temporal delays between blood and ISF signals. These findings confirm that ISF is not merely a proxy for blood but exhibits unique molecular kinetics influenced by individual variability and physiological state. This platform advances personalized health monitoring by providing integrated, dynamic correlation of blood and ISF biomarkers, deepening understanding of their physiological interplay under real-life conditions and paving the way for broader use of wearable ISF-based biosensors.

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesExtracellular FluidAnimalsBiomarkersKanamycinKineticsMonitoring, PhysiologicRatsBiomarkersKanamycin

Identifiers

PMID42160425
PMCPMC13189097

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.