Long-cycling organic flow batteries enabled by electronic-spatial synergistic modulation.

Tao Wang, Yuheng Xia, Chenlong Gao, Tianyu Huang, Zhitao Zhao, Miao Chen, Menghao Yang, Mingjin Cui, Yu Ding

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Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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9 authors.

Tao WangNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nano Technology, Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0009-0002-4430-8683

Yuheng XiaNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nano Technology, Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0009-0005-4142-0030

Chenlong GaoShanghai Key Laboratory for R&D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials, Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.ORCID 0009-0003-3150-1991

Tianyu HuangShanghai Key Laboratory for R&D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials, Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.ORCID 0009-0006-7165-4492

Zhitao ZhaoNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nano Technology, Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0009-0007-7928-4809

Miao ChenNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nano Technology, Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0009-0007-1733-0478

Menghao YangShanghai Key Laboratory for R&D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials, Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7926-5113

Mingjin CuiNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nano Technology, Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0009-0000-8679-1744

Yu DingNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Nano Technology, Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2573-9584

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) show promise for grid-scale energy storage but are limited by inadequate stability and solubility of active materials. Here we report an electronic-spatial synergistic modulation strategy to simultaneously enhance aqueous dissolution and electrochemical robustness of organic species, demonstrated on 4-aminophenol (PAP)-based molecules. By introducing a piperazine ring and an acetyl group at the amino site, we design 1-(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-one (AHPP). This synergistic modulation stabilizes the oxidized state, suppresses side reactions, and boosts solubility to 1.9 molar in aqueous solution (3.8-molar electron concentration). An all-organic flow battery based on AHPP achieves 95.7% capacity retention after 5000 cycles, with stable operation across a wide temperature range. Integrating in situ spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis with computational modeling elucidates the redox chemistry of PAP-based molecules and establishes a link between intermediate stability and functional group effects. Life cycle assessment further reveals the environmental footprint of AHPP-based batteries, demonstrating considerable potential for practical grid-scale storage applications.

Identifiers

PMID42160413

DOI10.1126/sciadv.aee5328

PMCPMC13189090

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