ArticleScience advances2026
Improved closure of the global mean sea level budget from observational advances since 1960.
Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatially refined satellite gravimetry captures human signatures in global terrestrial water storage trends.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Six-fold reduction in ocean heat content estimate uncertainty since 1960.Nature communications · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Balancing the global mean sea level (GMSL) budget is essential for understanding sea level changes. Large uncertainty after 1960 is reduced by accounting for recent observational advances. Budget closure occurs within 0.18 millimeters per year for all periods analyzed (1960-2023, 1993-2023, and 2005-2023). Trends for these three periods are 2.06, 3.41, and 3.94 millimeters per year, revealing an increase in the rate. The annual residual between observed GMSL and the sum of contributions is only between -13 and 10 millimeters since 1960 and ±5 millimeters after 2005. Further, the GMSL acceleration budget is now closed. The principal drivers for the GMSL trend (acceleration) since 1960 are 43% (41%) from thermosteric ocean expansion, 27% (9%) from glacier melting, 15% (16%) from Greenland, 12% (13%) from Antarctic, and 3% (21%) from land water storage. Results highlight the importance of data processing and bias correction techniques in tracking GMSL and its contributions.
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Registered trials
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