Production system modifies the proteome of longissimus lumborum muscle in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Proteomics has become an important tool in domestic animal science over the last decade, with applications ranging from meat to dairy production. Research in livestock proteomics has primarily focused on conventional species such as cattle, pigs, and poultry, while less attention has been given to non-conventional species like the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). This study evaluated the effect of two production systems (extensive vs. intensive) on the longissimus lumborum muscle proteome of male Sahraoui dromedary camels using a label-free proteomics approach. A total of 1405 proteins were identified, of which 40 were differentially abundant between production systems. The camel muscle proteome showed similarities with that of domestic ruminants. Differentially accumulated proteins were mainly associated with catalytic activity (40%) and binding functions (36%). Animals raised in extensive systems exhibited higher abundance of proteins related to energy metabolism and contractile apparatus, likely reflecting the increased locomotion required for grazing across large rangelands. In contrast, the intensive group showed higher levels of proteins involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism, consistent with the higher protein supply from concentrate feed and the greater growth rates observed in this system. These findings contribute to understanding camel muscle metabolism and provide insights relevant for distinguishing production systems, with potential applications in traceability.