Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42159737›Full record

ArticleArchives of toxicology2026

Global emergence and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA

Caitlyn Norman, Dean Acreman, Meera Bissram, Blake Curtis, Sebastian Hamer, Folker Westphal, Michael Putz, Cristiana Stefan, Sarah R Delaney, Rick Lines and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Archives of toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Caitlyn NormanDivision of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. caitlyn.norman@liu.se.ORCID 0000-0003-2322-0367
Dean AcremanWelsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project, Public Health, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
Meera BissramToronto's Drug Checking Service, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Blake CurtisResearch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-3256-3938
Sebastian HamerState Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany.
Folker WestphalState Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany.
Michael PutzFederal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-6601-6804
Cristiana StefanToronto's Drug Checking Service, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID 0009-0008-4038-2118
Sarah R DelaneyToronto's Drug Checking Service, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Rick LinesWelsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project, Public Health, Cardiff, Wales, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9044-1093
Malcolm D McLeodResearch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-2343-3226
Karen McDonaldToronto's Drug Checking Service, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Henrik GreenDivision of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-8015-5728

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs) are a class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed as legal alternatives to prescription BZDs. Bromazolam has been the most prevalent DBZD detected on the recreational market around the world; however, a new DBZD, ethylbromazolam (8-bromo-1-ethyl-6-phenyl-4 H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine; also known as bromoethylazolam) has recently emerged. In this study, the emergence of ethylbromazolam in Canada, the UK, and Australia is reported based on analysis of samples from drug checking services and in Germany based on analysis of samples seized by customs and mail services. Since November 2024, ethylbromazolam has been increasingly detected with a concurrent decrease in bromazolam detections, suggesting that its emergence is likely in response to the international control of bromazolam on 3rd December 2024. Additionally, increased detections of other DBZDs, including desalkylgidazepam (bromonordiazepam) and clobromazolam (phenazolam) have been recently observed. The in vitro α

Indexed as

BenzodiazepinesDesigner DrugsReceptors, GABA-AAustraliaDiazepamHumansTriazolesBenzodiazepinesDesigner DrugsDiazepamReceptors, GABA-ATriazolesBromazolamDesigner benzodiazepineDrug checkingEthylbromazolamNew psychoactive substancesγ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A

Identifiers

PMID42159737
PMCPMC13453982

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.