ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Biomimetic M1 Macrophage Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoplatform Remodels Tumor Microenvironment for Enhanced Antitumor Immunity.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention in cancer treatment, but its efficacy is greatly limited due to the low immunogenicity of tumors and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To address this, we constructed a biomimetic M1 macrophage membrane-Camouflaged nanoplatform (M1@CTP) for the co-delivery of the natural antitumor compound Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) and the immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer Copper-diethyldithiocarbamate (CuET) to enhance antitumor immunity. Methods: CuET/Tan IIA/PLGA (CTP) nanoparticles were synthesized using a previously reported two-step emulsification method. Subsequently, these nanoparticles were then coated with induced M1 macrophage membranes to obtain M1@CTP. We systematically characterized their morphology, physicochemical properties, and environmental stability. In vitro studies assessed cytotoxicity, immune activation, and tumor-targeting capability. Subsequently, the antitumor efficacy and modulation of the TME were assessed in vivo. Finally, the biosafety of the nanoplatform was evaluated via histopathological and biochemical analyses. Results: Endowed by M1 macrophage membran coating, M1@CTP enables immune evasion and tumor homing, thereby prolonging systemic circulation time and achieving efficient tumor accumulation. Our study demonstrates that M1@CTP synergistically induces potent ICD, promotes dendritic cell maturation, and remodels the TME, leading to the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This process effectively converts "cold" tumors into "hot" ones and elicits a robust systemic antitumor immune response with favorable safety profiles. In addition, M1@CTP significantly enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cold tumor models. Conclusion: This study provides an innovative and precise immunotherapy nanoplatform that coordinately modulates the TME and induces robust antitumor immunity, offering a promising strategy to overcome current limitations in immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.