ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
Immune and non-immune hydrops fetalis in a Saudi tertiary center: etiologies, antenatal predictors, perinatal outcomes, and one-year survival in a seven-year cohort.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Hydrops fetalis encompasses diverse fetal disorders with high perinatal mortality, and contemporary regional data are limited. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study at a Saudi tertiary referral hospital (2016-2022). Pregnancies with antenatal hydrops (≥2 fluid-filled compartments) that were delivered at our center were included and classified as immune or non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF). For NIHF, multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of (i) live birth vs. intrauterine fetal death (IUFD)/termination in the antenatal cohort and (ii) one-year survival among live-born infants. Results: Of 63,000 deliveries, the hospital-based birth prevalence of antenatally diagnosed NIHF and immune hydrops was 1.84/1,000 and 0.22/1,000, respectively. Among live births, the prevalence was 0.65/1,000 (NIHF) and 0.16/1,000 (immune). In the NIHF antenatal cohort ( Conclusions: In this seven-year cohort, earlier presentation and pleural effusion identified antenatal NIHF pregnancies at high risk for IUFD/termination, whereas maturity at delivery was the key determinant of one-year survival in live-born NIHF. Immune hydrops showed comparatively favorable survival with fetal therapy. These data provide birth-prevalence benchmarks for a Middle East tertiary center, supporting guideline-based evaluation, timely fetal-therapy referral, and multidisciplinary care focused on targeted diagnosis and intervention, as well as safe prolongation of gestation where feasible.
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