Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42157330›Full record

ArticleThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2026

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection and Risk of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Case-control Study.

Noémie Schiever, Lea Lenglart, Corinne Levy, Pierre-Alex Crisinel, Arnaud G L'Huillier, Johan N Siebert, Margherita Plebani, Yves Fougere, Alain Lefevre-Utile, Alexis Rybak and 24 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

34 authors.

Noémie SchieverFrom the Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-5803-5527
Lea LenglartPediatric Emergency Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
Corinne LevyACTIV, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France.
Pierre-Alex CrisinelPediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Arnaud G L'HuillierPediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Women, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
Johan N SiebertDepartment of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Geneva Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Margherita PlebaniPediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Yves FougerePediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Alain Lefevre-UtileFrom the Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Alexis RybakFrom the Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Eloise BurdetPediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Axelle DupontDepartment of Epidemiology and Clinical Research of Bichat Hospital, Bichat Hospital- Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, Île-de-France, France.
Olivier BrissaudClinical Research Center (CRC), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France.
Jeanne BordetStrasbourg University Hospital, Pediatric cardiologist unit and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hautepierre University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.
Lucas PercheronPurpan University Hospital, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Children Hospital, Toulouse, France.
Camille BrehinPurpan University Hospital, Pediatric Emergency Department, Children Hospital, Toulouse, France.
Noémie VanelAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Timone Children Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
Caroline OvaertAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology Department, Timone Hospital Marseille, University Hospital, Marseille, France.
Alexandre BelotHospices Civils de Lyon, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Women-Mother-Child Hospital, University of Lyon, Bron, France.
Aurélie MorandAix-Marseille University, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille, France; Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital of La Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France.
Julie ToubianaAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
Marion GrimaudAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric intensive care unit, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
Stéphane DaugerAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
Julien BaleinePediatric Intensive Care Unit, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
Stéphane BechetACTIV, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France.
Alain BurtscherAssociation Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), Paris, France.
Alain WollnerAssociation Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), Paris, France.
Robert CohenACTIV, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France.
Pierre-Louis LegerAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Armand Trousseau University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
Caroline GaleottiDepartment of Pediatric Rheumatology, Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
Romain BasmaciParis Cité University, INSERM UMR 1137, Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Paris, France.
Camille AupiaisParis Cité University, INSERM UMR 1137, Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Paris, France.
Naïm OuldaliParis Cité University, INSERM UMR 1137, Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Paris, France.
François AngoulvantFrom the Service of Pediatrics, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe postinfectious complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, primarily affecting children 6-12 years of age. Although MIS-C was prominent during the early pandemic waves, recent studies suggest a declining incidence concurrent with increasing reinfection rates. The objective was to determine whether the risk of MIS-C differs following a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection versus reinfection.

methodsA retrospective, multicenter, international, matched case-control study was conducted from September 1, 2021, to April 30, 2022. MIS-C cases were recruited from 14 French and Swiss hospitals. Eligible cases included children younger than 18 years meeting the 2020 World Health Organization case MIS-C definition with laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cases were matched 1:1 by age, sex and epidemic period to controls with laboratory-confirmed acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccinated patients and those without consent were excluded. The primary outcome compared the association of reinfection with MIS-C versus acute infection using McNemar's test to estimate matched odds ratios (ORs). Prespecified sensitivity analyses used conditional logistic regression.

resultsThe matched cohort included 180 MIS-C cases (median [IQR] age, 106 [62-136] months) and 180 controls (median [interquartile range] age, 72 [48-108] months). No MIS-C cases had a documented reinfection, whereas 3.9% (7/180) of controls did (McNemar χ 2 = 5.142; P = 0.023; matched OR, 0.067; 95% confidence interval [0.004-1.167]; P = 0.064). Sensitivity analysis also suggested a lower odds of MIS-C after reinfection without reaching statistical significance (adjusted OR, 0.183; 95% [0.027-1.234]; P = 0.093).

conclusionMIS-C occurred predominantly after first SARS-CoV-2 infections; while evidence for a lower risk following reinfection was suggestive but not conclusive.

Indexed as

COVID-19ReinfectionSystemic Inflammatory Response SyndromeAdolescentCase-Control StudiesChildChild, PreschoolFemaleFranceHumansIncidenceInfantMaleRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSARS-CoV-2COVID- 19-relatedpediatric multisystem inflammatory diseasepediatricsPIMS- TSSARS-CoV- 2

Identifiers

PMID42157330
PMCPMC13649262

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.