Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42157233›Full record

ReviewBMC medicine2026

Design considerations for hypertension chronotherapy trials: insights from experience and modelling.

Olivia Walch, Amy Rogers, Yitong P Huang, Marc D Ruben, Kenneth A Dyar, Robert W V Flynn, Isla S Mackenzie, Roberto Manfredini, Francesco P Cappuccio, Filippo Pigazzani

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Olivia Walch *Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. ojwalch@umich.edu.
Amy Rogers *Division of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, MEMO Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Yitong P HuangDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.
Marc D RubenDivision of Pulmonary Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, US.
Kenneth A DyarMetabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
Robert W V FlynnDivision of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, MEMO Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Isla S MackenzieDivision of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, MEMO Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Roberto ManfrediniDepartment of Medical Sciences & University Strategic Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Francesco P CappuccioWarwick Medical School, Sleep Health & Society Programme, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Filippo PigazzaniDivision of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, MEMO Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. f.pigazzani@dundee.ac.uk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chronotherapy aims to maximise treatment efficacy while minimising side effects by scheduling treatment according to personal biological rhythms. In recent years, randomised clinical trials (RCTs) have been conducted to evaluate whether scheduled blood pressure interventions can improve patient outcomes. However, reports of time-of-day effects have attracted rebuttals and engendered methodological debate. A perfectly controlled chronotherapy trial (i.e., a trial that assesses the effect of assigning time of intervention) will never be feasible in the real world; yet some factors may be more critical to consider and control for than others. To advance the conversation about how best to evaluate the effects of antihypertensive chronotherapeutic interventions in RCTs, we discuss critical considerations for clinical trials of chronotherapy for hypertension and apply mathematical modelling to provide quantitative insights into the extent to which such factors may influence the detected effect size.

Indexed as

Antihypertensive AgentsChronotherapyDrug ChronotherapyHypertensionRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicResearch DesignBlood PressureCircadian RhythmHumansModels, TheoreticalAntihypertensive AgentsChronotherapyChronotherapy TrialChronotypeDosing timeHypertensionMathematical ModellingRandomised Clinical TrialsTrial Design

Identifiers

PMID42157233
PMCPMC13352859

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.