ReviewNature biomedical engineering2026
Temporal interference stimulation for deep brain neuromodulation in humans.
Review in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Modulation of cognitive and motor functions by temporal interference stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and variability.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Thalamocortical orchestration of human theory of mind.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Applications, and Translational Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation needs high focality in deep parts of the brain; hence, it has largely relied on invasive surgical approaches in clinical populations. Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) has emerged as a method for focal non-invasive electrical deep brain stimulation. First developed and validated through computational modelling and rodent work, tTIS is now being translated to humans for targeting deep brain regions such as the hippocampus or striatum. Here we present current evidence for tTIS-based neuromodulation, describe the underlying mechanisms and discuss future developments of this technology. We highlight key opportunities and challenges for fundamental neuroscience, as well as for the design of interventions in neuropsychiatric disorders. We suggest that a multidisciplinary research effort is now required to further validate the use of tTIS in multiple applications, understand its underlying principles and optimize the technology in the view of wider scientific and clinical deployment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42157014What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.