Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42156909›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Changing landscape of 16 S-RMTase-mediated aminoglycoside resistance in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Chile between 1997 and 2023.

Maximiliano Matus-Köhler, Rocío Rivas-Carrasco, Luis Amsteins-Romero, Mario Quezada-Aguiluz, Francisco Astorga-Ríos, Felipe Maurelia, Celia A Lima, Néstor Herrera-Chávez, Andrés Opazo-Capurro, Gerardo González-Rocha and 2 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Maximiliano Matus-Köhler *Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Rocío Rivas-Carrasco *Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Luis Amsteins-RomeroLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Mario Quezada-AguiluzGrupo de Estudio en Resistencia Antimicrobiana (GRAM), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
Francisco Astorga-RíosLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Felipe MaureliaLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Celia A LimaLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Néstor Herrera-ChávezLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Andrés Opazo-CapurroLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Gerardo González-RochaLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile. ggonzal@udec.cl.
Felipe Morales-LeónLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
Helia Bello-ToledoLaboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070386, Chile. hbello@udec.cl.

Funding

Universidad de Concepción VRID 2022000671-IN 2023 and VRID N° 218.074.061-1.0 - INUniversidad de Concepción VRID N° 218.074.061-1.0 - IN.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The emergence of 16S rRNA methyltransferase (16S-RMTases) poses a major therapeutic challenge, as they confer high-level resistance to all clinically relevant aminoglycosides. In Chile, data on these enzymes remain scarce. This study investigated the epidemiological distribution and genetic relatedness of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carrying 16S-RMTase genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method and complementary techniques. Gene detection was performed via conventional PCR, and genotyping via ERIC-PCR. Among 1,200 K. pneumoniae clinical strains collected between 1997 and 2023; 233 (19.4%) exhibited high-level resistance to both amikacin and gentamicin, suggesting 16S-RMTase gene carriage. All presumptive strains carried 16S-RMTase genes, with rmtG being the most prevalent (n = 174), followed by armA (n = 30), rmtC (n = 24), and rmtD (n = 5). Genotyping revealed 19 distinct clusters. The rmtG gene was widely distributed, whereas rmtC displayed regional clustering, particularly in Concepción, and was associated with broader resistance profiles, including resistance to carbapenems. In contrast, rmtG-positive strains retained partial susceptibility to these agents. Fisher's exact test revealed associations (p < 0.05) between specific 16S-RMTase genes and non-susceptibility antibiotic profiles. The spread of 16S-RMTase genes since 2007, from Iquique to Puerto Montt, highlights their growing clinical relevance. The recent rise of armA and rmtC suggests a shift in dominant resistance mechanisms.

Indexed as

AminoglycosidesAnti-Bacterial AgentsBacterial ProteinsDrug Resistance, BacterialKlebsiella InfectionsKlebsiella pneumoniaeMethyltransferasesChileGenotypeHumansMicrobial Sensitivity TestsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SAminoglycosidesAnti-Bacterial AgentsBacterial ProteinsMethyltransferasesRNA, Ribosomal, 16S16S rRNA methyltransferaseAminoglycosidesAntibiotic resistanceEpidemiologyKlebsiella pneumoniae

Identifiers

PMID42156909
PMCPMC13388701

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.