ArticleMicrosystems & nanoengineering2026
Flexible microscale tactile display with liquid-to-gas phase-change actuator array.
Article in Microsystems & nanoengineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Flexible tactile displays have gained significant attention for their ability to deliver tactile feedback to users, complementing widely used visual displays and auditory output devices. However, previously reported tactile displays have limited spatial resolutions because they are mostly confined to centimeter-scale sizes, restricting the provision of sophisticated tactile feedback. We developed a microscale flexible actuator using water as a liquid phase-change material (PCM), which exhibits a large volumetric expansion upon phase transition from liquid to vapor. The actuator consisted of a flexible microheater, PCM, and stretchable elastomer membrane. A scalable batch fabrication process was used to form PCM chambers localized within the heater regions. Microscale PCM actuators have a thickness of less than 200 μm, making them easy to attach to curved surfaces. The device achieves a response time of 600 ms and a displacement of 580 μm and operates at a low power consumption of 300 mW. Integrating this tactile display with a commercial virtual-reality headset for visual feedback enables immersive multisensory information delivery to users.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.