Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42156538›Full record

ArticleSpinal cord2026

Development and content validity of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for individuals living with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

Rena M Steiger-Chadwick, Gary J Farkas, Lorena Reyes, Alex W K Wong, Cara Ray, Allen W Heinemann, Dan Eisenberg, Jennifer Burns, My Le, Sherri L LaVela

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Spinal cord, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Rena M Steiger-ChadwickCenter of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA. rena.steiger-chadwick@va.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-2488-2167
Gary J FarkasDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-6049
Lorena ReyesCenter of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-1635-349X
Alex W K WongCenter for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4423-2685
Cara RayCenter of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1383-8801
Allen W HeinemannCenter for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-7326
Dan EisenbergStanford-Surgery Policy Improvement Research & Education Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Jennifer BurnsCenter for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-2462
My LeCenter for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-2910-0486
Sherri L LaVelaCenter of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.

Funding

U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) W81XWH-22-1-0544
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

STUDY

designMixed methods

objectivesIndividuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) experience several chronic and SCI-specific secondary health complications that are influenced by nutrition, which is a modifiable risk factor. Improving nutritional knowledge is essential to support healthy dietary behaviors, yet no validated tool exists in this population. This study describes the development and content validation of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for individuals with SCI/D.

settingVeterans Health Administration and a research rehabilitation hospital in Chicago, USA.

methodsA 106-item questionnaire was developed based on two literature reviews and a nutrition advisory member focus group. Content validity was evaluated by subject matter experts who rated the relevance of each item. Experts rated the clarity of each item and provided open-ended feedback. With clarity scores and open-ended feedback, the item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave) were calculated to select items for pilot testing. An I-CVI of 0.78 and a S-CVI/Ave of 0.90 were considered the thresholds for excellent content validity.

resultsContent validity was evaluated by 14 subject matter experts. The I-CVI for 23 items fell below the threshold and the S-CVI/Ave was 0.83, falling short of the threshold. In response to these evaluations, of 106 initial items, 13 were removed, and 5 were modified.

conclusionsScoring and open-ended feedback from experts allowed the questionnaire to be refined before psychometric testing. This measure represents the first of its kind to be developed and validated to assess the nutrition knowledge of people with SCI/D.

Indexed as

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal Cord InjuriesAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and Questionnaires

Identifiers

PMID42156538

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.