ArticleScientific reports2026
Spatiotemporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and vaccine-related proteins in mice and humans.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Rhabdomyolysis Reported in Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the successful distribution and application of mRNA vaccines have helped to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and saved countless lives worldwide. mRNA vaccines are not only being developed and tested for infectious diseases, but also for numerous new applications, such as cancer therapy. Although the general mechanisms of mRNA vaccinations have been thoroughly studied, data regarding the local anatomical distribution after vaccination have been scarce. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines in mice and deceased humans. We found that vaccine-related mRNA and spike protein could be detected at the vaccination site of patients and mice, with muscle-associated fibroblasts being a major source of spike protein expression. In contrast, we did not detect expression of vaccine-related spike protein in immune cells at the injection site. While mRNA-vaccine-related mRNA or spike protein could not be detected in extramuscular organs in humans in our study, it was detected in several organs in mice, even up to 7 days after initial vaccination. Together, these data enhance our understanding of mRNA vaccine kinetics and distribution patterns, providing valuable insights to guide scientists in refining future mRNA vaccine-based therapies whenever appropriate.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.