Quantum machine learning for predicting anastomotic leak: a clinical study.

Anastomotic leak is a life-threatening complication following colorectal surgery. This study benchmarks Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) against hyperparameter-tuned classical models (logistic regression, multi-layer perceptrons, boosting algorithms) for anastomotic leak prediction. Using a 200-patient clinical dataset strictly bounded by a priori medical constraints, we simulated QNNs with ZZFeatureMap encoding and EfficientSU2/RealAmplitudes ansatze under realistic hardware noise. To ensure statistical reliability, performance metrics were averaged across 10 independent optimization runs. The EfficientSU2-BFGS configuration achieved the highest mean AUC of [Formula: see text], while RealAmplitudes with CMA-ES maximized Average Precision ([Formula: see text]). Crucially, at a fixed, clinically necessary sensitivity of [Formula: see text], specific QNN configurations achieved significantly higher specificity (up to [Formula: see text]) and Negative Predictive Value (up to [Formula: see text]) compared to classical models (maximum [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively), effectively minimizing false positives. However, classical models maintained superior probability calibration for continuous risk stratification. We conclude that QNNs offer robust discriminative performance for clinical screening, warranting further validation on larger, independent cohorts.