ArticleThe Pan African medical journal2026
Sex differences in heart failure: an analytical cross-sectional study at Laquintinie Hospital, Douala, Cameroon, 2021-2024.
Article in The Pan African medical journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Limited data exist on sex-specific differences in HF presentation and outcomes. This study assessed sex-based variations in clinical profiles, aetiologies, and in-hospital outcomes among HF patients in Cameroon. Methods: we conducted an analytical cross-sectional study of patients admitted with clinical HF at Laquintinie Hospital, Douala (January 2021-December 2024). Patients without gender or outcome data were excluded. Sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment variables were compared by sex using appropriate statistical tests (p<0.05). Penalized logistic regression, validated via bootstrapping, modeled four outcomes: atrial fibrillation, ischemic cardiomyopathy, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor use, and hypertension. Missing data were imputed. Results: among 757 patients, 51.3% were female. Hypertension was present in 57.1%, more common in females (64.4% vs. 49.3%, p<0.001), with nearly equal known and new-onset cases. Females were older (median age 66 vs. 60 years, p<0.001) and had higher atrial fibrillation risk (AOR=3.64, 95% CI: 1.91-6.94). Males had more ischemic cardiomyopathy (AOR=0.48, p=0.035) and renal dysfunction (43.8% vs. 30.1%, p=0.003). Females more frequently received RAAS inhibitors/ARNI at discharge (33.5% vs. 26.3%, p=0.031). In-hospital mortality was 17.0%, with no sex difference (p=0.288). Conclusion: significant sex differences exist in HF presentation and treatment at Laquintinie. Strategies should include atrial fibrillation screening in females and renal monitoring in males. Findings support the need for sex-specific interventions and multicenter validation in similar settings. These cross-sectional associations highlight prevalence patterns but require prospective studies for causal insights.
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