ReviewTherapeutic advances in medical oncology2026
Etiology and risk factors for lung cancer in female Asian never smokers: a systematic review.
Review in Therapeutic advances in medical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Trends in lung cancer burden, risk factors, and disease projections in China and the United States, 1990-2023.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a growing proportion of cases occurring in female Asian never-smokers (FANS). Although tobacco exposure remains the predominant risk factor, emerging evidence highlights the substantial role of non-tobacco determinants. However, the relative contributions of these factors remain poorly defined. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on biological, clinical, and environmental risk factors for lung cancer among FANS to identify consistent and potentially modifiable exposures to inform risk-stratified prevention strategies. Genetic and molecular determinants were excluded. Design: Systematic review. Data sources and methods: Following PRISMA-P guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science for articles published between January 2000 and July 2025 to identify peer-reviewed observational studies reporting non-tobacco risk factors for lung cancer in FANS. Due to the heterogeneity in study designs, a narrative synthesis was performed on the final 42 studies. Results: Indoor air pollution, such as high-temperature cooking oil fumes, prolonged solid-fuel use, and inadequate household or workplace ventilation, consistently conferred elevated risks (2-4× higher). Risk estimates increased up to 12-fold for high cumulative exposures. This risk was also seen in occupational exposures such as commercial cooking and International Agency for Research on Cancer-classified industrial jobs. Family history of lung cancer, especially among first-degree relatives, nearly doubled risk in several large cohorts. Prior non-malignant lung diseases such as tuberculosis, asthma, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis were also significantly associated with increased risk. Conclusion: Lung cancer in FANS may be driven by largely modifiable non-tobacco exposures. These findings underscore the need to expand risk assessments beyond smoking history to incorporate detailed household, occupational, and clinical exposures, and to develop targeted, culturally informed prevention and screening strategies for this high-risk population. Trial Registration: The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251111993).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.