Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42152117›Full record

ArticleTrials2026

Cross-training digital therapeutics for pediatric ADHD: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Xi Zhao, Yuanhao Cai, Xia Zhang, Tong Xu, Yan Qian, Wenbi Hao, Yujiao Wang, Jing Yuan, Tengguang Cai, Lin Zhou and 2 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readClinical Trial Protocol
In one paragraph

Article in Trials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06369714 (Neurofeedback-Based Digital Therapeutics for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06369714 narecruitingnot on this map

Neurofeedback-Based Digital Therapeutics for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children.

TypeinterventionalSponsorLei Lei, MDRan2023 to 2025Enrolled210ConditionsAttention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity, Executive Function DisorderArmsConcerta, Digital therapeutics
3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Xi Zhao *Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Zhonghua Xin Road No.619, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200070, China.
Yuanhao Cai *Department of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Xia Zhang *Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Zhonghua Xin Road No.619, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200070, China.
Tong XuDepartment of Pediatrics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Fengyang Road No.415, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200003, China.
Yan QianDepartment of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Wenbi HaoDepartment of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Yujiao WangDepartment of Pediatrics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Fengyang Road No.415, Huangpu, Shanghai, 200003, China.
Jing YuanDepartment of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Tengguang CaiDepartment of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Lin ZhouDepartment of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China. drzhoulin@126.com.
Haihua LiDepartment of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jing'an District Zhabei Central Hospital, Zhonghua Xin Road No.619, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200070, China. 5418222@qq.com.
Lei LeiDepartment of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Changhai Road No.168, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200433, China. doctorlei_lei@163.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children can result in academic and occupational failure, poor socialization, and an increased risk of accidental injuries. Digital therapeutics (DTx) leverage computers and smartphones to provide game-based treatments targeting ADHD's cognitive and behavioral aspects. Although the evidence base for DTx in ADHD is expanding, most DTx focus on a single mechanism without leveraging potential synergies between them. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a cross-training DTx for children aged 6-12 with ADHD.

methodsThe DTx study is a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial that employs a cross-training approach integrating neurofeedback and executive function training. A total of 210 participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: the medication group (MED), the DTx group (DTX), or the combination group (COM). DTX will receive home‑based digital training, MED will receive methylphenidate, and COM will receive both. The primary outcome is change in Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP‑IV) total score from baseline to 8 weeks post-randomization. Non‑inferiority will be tested between DTX and MED with a non-inferiority margin of Δ = 4 points; superiority between COM and MED will be defined as the lower bound of the two‑sided 95% confidence interval for the difference being greater than 0. DISCUSSION: The clinical trial protocol presented here outlines a randomized controlled trial that evaluates DTx utilizing cross-training approach. The aim of this trial is to assess the efficacy and acceptability of the cross-training DTx for children aged 6 to 12 years with ADHD. The primary outcome is the degree of improvement in the core symptoms of ADHD (measured by SNAP‑IV). Additionally, we will evaluate compliance and potential side effects associated with the DTx. The results of this study may provide an optional non-pharmacological intervention/supplementary treatment option for children with ADHD.

trial registrationNCT06369714. Registered on 17 April 2024. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06369714 .

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityChild BehaviorNeurofeedbackVideo GamesCentral Nervous System StimulantsChildCognitive TrainingEquivalence Trials as TopicExecutive FunctionFemaleHumansMaleMethylphenidateMulticenter Studies as TopicRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicSmartphoneCentral Nervous System StimulantsMethylphenidateAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderDigital health interventionDigital therapeuticsExecutive functionMethylphenidateNeurofeedbackRandomized controlled trial

Identifiers

PMID42152117
PMCPMC13352914

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.