Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42152104›Full record

Observational studyNutrition journal2026

Feeding problems in infancy and diet quality in later childhood: a prospective cohort study.

Emma Jankowski, Diane L Putnick, Akghar Ghassabian, Priscilla K Clayton, Tzu-Chun Lin, Edwina H Yeung

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Nutrition journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03106493 (Upstate New York Infant Development Screening Program), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03106493 completednot on this map

Upstate New York Infant Development Screening Program

TypeobservationalSponsorEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)Ran2008 to 2019Enrolled6,171ConditionsObesity, Blood Pressure, Motor Delay, Developmental DelayArmsNone (observational)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Emma JankowskiEpidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
Diane L PutnickEpidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
Akghar GhassabianGrossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
Priscilla K ClaytonEpidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
Tzu-Chun LinGlotech, Inc., 1801 Research Boulevard #605, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
Edwina H YeungEpidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 6710B Rockledge Dr, MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA. yeungedw@mail.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-2613

Funding

NICHD NIH HHS HHSN267200700019CNICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201200005CNICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201300026INICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201400013Cthe Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH contracts #HHSN275201200005C, #HHSN267200700019C, #HHSN275201400013C, #HHSN275201300026I/27500004, #HHSN275201300023I/27500017
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFeeding problems affect many children, yet their connection with diet quality in later childhood is unknown, despite the important role of diet quality on health outcomes, such as obesity.

objectiveTo examine feeding problem behaviors and diet quality in later childhood.

designThe frequency of problematic feeding behaviors (i.e., items related to food refusal, feeding difficulties, and distress) were parent-reported at 18 and 24 months in a birth cohort (2008-2010) from New York state (n = 4,989). In this previously validated feeding behaviors scale, parents responded to how often their child engaged in behaviors such as crying/screaming during meals and food refusal, to create an average feeding problems score. Typical daily servings of food items that a child consumed were parent-reported at 30 months, 36 months, 7 years, and 9 years and diet quality using the Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI) was calculated, with a higher score indicating better diet quality. Mixed effects analyses calculated mean differences in YHEI per unit increase in feeding problem scores, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors, such as parental education, gestational age, and any breastfeeding duration.

resultsFeeding problem scores at 18 and 24 months were prospectively associated with lower YHEI scores at 30/36 months (18 months: B = -1.10, 95% CI: -1.93, -0.27; 24 months: B = -1.56, 95% CI: -2.33, -0.79). Similar associations were observed at 7/9 years (18 months: B = -1.30, 95% CI: -2.61, 0.00; 24 months: B = -1.65, 95% CI: -2.96, -0.34).

conclusionsHigher feeding problems in infancy (18 and 24 months) were associated with lower quality diets in childhood, even after children started school. These findings highlight the importance of feeding behaviors to long-term diet quality even with observations as early as 18 months.

trial registrationNCT03106493 in clinicaltrials.gov (Dates: 07/2008-11/2019, Study Registration Date: 2017-04-10).

Indexed as

DietDiet, HealthyFeeding BehaviorChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleNew YorkProspective StudiesChildrenDiet qualityFeeding problemsHealthy eating

Identifiers

PMID42152104
PMCPMC13573370

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.