ArticleScientific reports2026
A novel 6G-oriented secure bidirectional key exchange scheme based on graphene-assisted terahertz physical layer.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This paper proposes a graphene-assisted bidirectional key exchange protocol that integrates terahertz (THz) physical-layer modulation with the Diffie-Hellman (DH) cryptographic framework, addressing a critical gap in secure session establishment over open wireless channels. While prior graphene-based antennas, metasurfaces, and sensing platforms have primarily focused on enhancing electromagnetic performance, secure bidirectional key exchange at the physical layer has remained largely unexplored. The proposed architecture employs a dual-layer graphene metasurface operating at 1 THz, where tunable surface conductivity enables binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation for concurrent transmission. Authenticated public parameters, identity bindings, and freshness values are embedded within the THz waveform, and a shared secret is derived through DH computation. Simulation results over an SNR range of 0-30 dB demonstrate reliable demodulation under AWGN, coherent current density distributions across graphene layers, and consistent key agreement between communicating parties. The bit error rate (BER) decreases sharply between 5 and 10 dB, reaches the 10
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