ArticleScientific reports2026
Oleuropein attenuates cardiac fibrosis via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy rat model.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a key pathological feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), contributing to progressive cardiac dysfunction. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), via Smad2/3 signaling pathway, promotes fibrotic gene expression. Oleuropein (OL), a major phenolic constituent of olive products, exhibits significant antioxidant properties and contributes to cardiovascular protection. This study aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of OL in a rat model of DCM and its modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, using Losartan as a positive control. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, DCM, DCM + OL (40 mg/kg), and DCM + Losartan (10 mg/kg). DCM was induced via high-fat diet (HFD) and a single low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection (40 mg/kg). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Histological evaluation included hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome staining. Cardiac biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, and fibrosis-related markers were analyzed using RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. DCM rats exhibited cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. OL treatment significantly improved cardiac function, reduced collagen and fibronectin (FN) deposition, and downregulated TGF-β1, Smad2/3, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen types I/III, matrix metalloproteinases-2/9 (MMPs), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), while enhancing Smad7 expression. Besides, OL demonstrated notable antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. In conclusion, OL alleviates cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in DCM, potentially through modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling, highlighting its therapeutic promise in diabetic cardiac complications.
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