Protocol for isolation and characterization of small extracellular vesicles from human menstrual fluid using size-exclusion chromatography.

Yiqun Tang, Ruihan Zhou, Caroline Frisendahl, Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson

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Article in STAR protocols, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yiqun TangWHO Collaborating Centre, Division for Neonatology, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedium A4, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: yiqun.tang@ki.se.

Ruihan ZhouPediatric Oncology and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedium A4, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.

Caroline FrisendahlWHO Collaborating Centre, Division for Neonatology, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedium A4, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Kristina Gemzell-DanielssonWHO Collaborating Centre, Division for Neonatology, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedium A4, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: kristina.gemzell@ki.se.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Human menstrual fluid (MF) is rich in extracellular vesicles originating from peripheral blood components and local endometrial and immune cells. Here, we present a protocol to obtain MF-derived small extracellular vesicles (MF-sEVs) using dilution, low-speed centrifugation, filtration, and size-exclusion chromatography. We describe steps for characterizing pooled fractions by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting. This workflow yields high-quality MF-sEVs suitable for reproducible omics and functional assays, enabling robust biomarker discovery and therapeutic exploration in uterine disorders.

Indexed as

Chromatography, GelExtracellular VesiclesMenstruationFemaleHumansMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionCell isolationHealth SciencesProtein expression and purification

Identifiers

PMID42149715

DOI10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104573

PMCPMC13213283

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.