ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Clinical application of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway-mediated neuroinflammatory markers in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a severe age-specific epileptic encephalopathy with unclear pathogenesis, and neuroinflammation is involved in its progression. The HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway, a key neuroinflammatory mediator in various epilepsies, has not been studied for its role and clinical biomarker potential in IESS. Methods: A retrospective study included 66 IESS patients treated with a modified prednisone regimen and 53 age-matched healthy controls. Serum HMGB1, TLR4, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-8 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA/chemiluminescent immunoassay in IESS patients (pre- and 2-week post-treatment) and controls; clinical data were collected via electronic medical records and follow-up. Results: IESS patients had significantly higher serum HMGB1, TLR4, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-8 and TNF-α than controls ( Conclusions: The HMGB1-TLR4 pathway mediates neuroinflammation in IESS pathogenesis and may serve as a therapeutic target. A high Δ
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.