ArticleQuantitative imaging in medicine and surgery2026
FI-RADS: an imaging-based scoring system for skeletal fluorosis-adjunctive clinical and biochemical analysis.
Article in Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Skeletal fluorosis is a chronic bone disease caused by excessive fluoride exposure, leading to osteosclerosis, osteoporosis, and ectopic ossifications. Its radiological features and their links to age, joint function, and metabolism remain unclear, necessitating further study. This study aimed to develop a Fluorosis Imaging Reporting and Data System (FI-RADS) based on X-ray radiographs of multiple skeletal sites for the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis in endemic regions. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to establish the FI-RADS grading system by analyzing radiographic data from 942 individuals with suspected skeletal fluorosis in the endemic area. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between imaging features and demographic/metabolic factors [age, sex, total bile acids (TBA), bilirubin, etc.]. Employing spline-based non-linear regression analysis, this study examined the association of age and TBA levels with radiological alterations indicative of fluorosis. Results: Radiographic analysis (n=942) revealed characteristic bilateral symmetric changes, including radial crest abnormalities (48.15%), interosseous membrane ossification (6.47%), and pronator teres alterations (36.16%). Multivariate analysis identified age [odds ratio (OR) =1.060, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.033-1.088] and TBA (OR =1.102, 95% CI: 1.004-1.210) as independent risk factors for advanced FI-RADS (>3). Nonlinear analysis revealed that multiple radiological ossification phenomena exhibit significant age- and TBA-dependent thresholds, with the loosening of the pronator teres insertion (R2=0.154, age) and ossification of the interosseous membrane of the ulna and radius (R2=0.072, bile acids) demonstrating the strongest effects. Conclusions: We developed an X‑ray-based FI‑RADS imaging scoring system that standardizes and quantifies skeletal fluorosis. Age showed a pronounced nonlinear influence on periosteal and ligamentous ossification around the knee and elbow (FI‑RADS >3), whereas TBA exhibited only a weak threshold‑dependent effect within a narrow physiological range. Integrating FI‑RADS with age and bile acids may facilitate precise detection and sharper risk stratification; performance validation is pending.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.