ArticleClinical kidney journal2026
Long-term citrate treatment in high-risk kidney stone formers is not associated with metabolic adverse effects.
Article in Clinical kidney journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Citrate is frequently applied in kidney stone formers (KSFs), yet long-term safety data are lacking. We evaluated the effects of prolonged citrate therapy on metabolic health, urinary risk factors and stone recurrence in high-risk KSFs in Switzerland. Methods: The Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort (SKSC) is a multicenter study including KSFs and controls. Blood and urine analyses were performed at baseline and longitudinally over 2 years in KSFs, with subsequent telephone follow-up for stone events. A total of 654 KSFs (110 with citrate, 544 without) and 207 controls were included. Outcomes comprised anthropometric indices (body mass index, body roundness index, waist-to-hip ratio), metabolic parameters, urinary relative supersaturation ratios (RSR), stone recurrence and stone composition. Results: No evidence for between-group differences in 1- to 2-year changes in anthropometric, glucose or lipid outcomes was identified. Anthropometric indices remained stable in both groups. HbA1c rose in non-citrate (NC) but not in citrate (C) group patients. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in both groups, while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased only in C patients. Propensity score-matched analyses showed no between-group differences in 1- to 2-year changes in anthropometric, glucose or lipid outcomes, with only modest within-group changes in the C group (hemoglobin A1c, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol). Urine analyses showed a greater reduction in RSR for brushite among NC patients, whereas C patients had a stronger decline in uric acid (UA) RSR. Calcium oxalate RSR decreased similarly across groups. Stone recurrence was more frequent in C patients, with 43% versus 30% of NC patients changing stone type during follow-up. No shift toward calcium phosphate stones was observed in citrate users. Conclusions: Long-term citrate therapy appeared metabolically safe, and selectively reduced UA supersaturation, while non-treated patients showed a more pronounced decrease for brushite. Higher recurrence among treated patients may reflect different baseline risk. A prospective trial is warranted to clarify additive benefits of citrate beyond dietary-guided counseling.
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