ArticleWorld journal of oncology2026
Immunohistochemistry as a Cornerstone in Lung Cancer Diagnosis: Subtyping Based on the 2021 World Health Organization Classification and Its Practical Application.
Article in World journal of oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and precise histological classification is vital for therapy decisions. Given diagnostic limitations with small biopsies, immunohistochemistry (IHC) enhances accuracy. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of IHC markers in subtyping lung tumors per the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and differentiating primary from metastatic lesions. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 151 lung biopsy specimens over 18 months. All samples were processed using standard histopathological techniques and an IHC panel comprising thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), napsin A, cytokeratin (CK)7, CK5/6, P63, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. Additional markers (estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), PAX-8, PAX-2, CD10) were applied for metastatic differentiation. Statistical correlation analysis between lineage-specific markers was performed to assess diagnostic concordance. Results: Adenocarcinoma was the most prevalent subtype (58.3%), followed by neuroendocrine neoplasms (17.2%), metastatic lesions (13.2%), adenosquamous carcinoma (6.0%), and squamous cell carcinoma (2.6%). Rare entities included carcinosarcoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (each 1.3%). TTF-1 and napsin A were highly specific for adenocarcinoma (85% and 94%, respectively), whereas CK5/6 and P63 confirmed squamous differentiation (100% each). Synaptophysin and chromogranin were positive in 96% and 100% of neuroendocrine tumors, respectively. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong marker concordance: TTF-1 vs napsin A (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), P63 vs CK5/6 (r = 0.93, P < 0.001), and synaptophysin vs chromogranin (r = 0.87, P < 0.001). All metastatic lesions were TTF-1 negative, confirming their extrapulmonary origin. Conclusions: Combining IHC with histopathology markedly improves diagnostic precision and consistency in lung tumor classification. Lineage-specific markers validate the IHC panel's reliability, distinguishing adenocarcinoma, squamous, and neuroendocrine types while differentiating primary from metastatic lesions. This integrative approach supports WHO-aligned precision diagnostics and guides individualized therapeutic strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.