ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Motivational-addictive profiles of nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese youth: a cluster analysis with validation using external correlates.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is heterogeneous, yet clinically useful exploratory subgrouping remains limited. We examined whether motivational and addiction-like features could delineate meaningful data-driven NSSI profiles and relate to clinically relevant outcomes. Methods: We clustered six motive dimensions of the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI; F1-F6) and an addiction-like score in adolescents (N = 311; age range: 12-21 years; mean age = 15.15 years, SD = 2.60). A three-cluster solution was retained based on a multi-criterion evaluation of internal fit indices, cluster-size balance, and clinical interpretability, with the WCSS elbow plot showing a clear inflection at k = 3. Outcomes were tested in age/sex-adjusted models (ordinal frequency and pain via proportional-odds; Patient Health Questionnaire-9[PHQ-9]/Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7[GAD-7] scores were standardized in the full sample [n = 311]). Results: Three data-driven profiles emerged: Emotion-regulation (n = 112), Multi-motivated/high-addiction (n = 79), and Lower-severity (n = 120). Versus Lower-severity, both higher-severity clusters showed higher monthly (OR = 3.58 and 2.38) and yearly NSSI frequency (OR = 2.91 and 1.96). Pain perception was lower in the high-addiction cluster (OR = 0.49). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were higher in the high-addiction cluster, and GAD-7 was also higher in the emotion-regulation cluster. Conclusions: Motivational-addictive features identified interpretable, data-driven NSSI profiles associated with frequency, pain, and affective symptoms; these exploratory profiles require replication, longitudinal follow-up, and independent validation before further clinical inferences can be drawn.
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