ReviewFrontiers in veterinary science2026
Current methods and mechanisms for animal models of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.
Review in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a complex multifactorial infectious disorder of the female reproductive tract, associated with severe long-term sequelae including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, as well as elevated risks of endometriosis, cardiometabolic diseases, and colorectal cancer. Owing to ethical constraints on human research, animal models have become indispensable tools for investigating PID pathogenesis, evaluating therapeutic interventions, and developing novel diagnostic strategies. This review systematically summarizes current advances in PID animal model construction, with a focus on three core induction categories: pathogen, chemical, and physical induction methods. Pathogen induction utilizes single or multiple microorganisms (including
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